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Sunday 4 September 2022

JURA POPULAR IN INDIA

 MORE ABOUT JURA


The Isle of Jura is a barren, sparsely populated Inner Hebridean island off the west coast of Scotland. A single distillery, Isle of Jura, operates in the village of Craighouse. This is where most of the population resides. Craighouse is small but perfectly formed, and home to their pub, hotel, shop and most of the tiny island community of 212 people. This is also where the whisky distillery is - the beating heart of the community, their whisky a source of pride and prosperity for generations to come.

Jura is only 60 miles from the mainland yet it feels like an entire world away; an ancient landscape of wild mountains, peaceful lochs and stormy seas. With just one road, one pub, one whisky distillery and a very distinct micro-climate, it’s not the easiest place to make whisky, but the owners and distillers believe it’s the best.

The 30-mile-long and seven-mile-wide island is framed by the wild waters of the Atlantic on its west coast, while the east is home to serene bays, seals and sea eagles. The northwest of Jura takes one to meet the rugged coastline of the island, where there is nowhere wilder than the world’s third largest whirlpool, The Corryvreckan. As beautiful as it is dangerous, the Royal Navy considers it to be one of the most treacherous stretches of water in the British Isles. Jura distillery created its iconic shaped signature bottles to withstand the perils of such dangerous crossings.                                                


It is a close northern neighbour of the more prolific whisky-producing island of Islay. However, the delicate honeyed nature of Isle of Jura Single Malt Scotch whisky differs greatly from the heavily peated malts of its neighbour. When one looks back at the Island’s humble coastline, one sees an epic landscape of dramatic mountains, overlooking the trees, fields and lochs that sit below it.

Jura lies between Islay and the Scottish mainland, just north of the Kintyre Peninsula, is home to the historic Campbeltown region. Only a few miles off the mainland, Jura was famously described as 'unget-at-able' by the writer George Orwell. A seasonal ferry is one of the very few ways that people can access the island. Otherwise, all transport is via Islay.

The reason for Jura's poor accessibility and the low population is to do with its barren, unfertile landscape. Though the whisky is not very peaty, much of the island is covered in peat bogs. These are not suitable for any kind of agriculture.

However, Jura has a remarkably mild climate due to its position in the North Atlantic Gulf Stream. This brings warmer waters from the southern Atlantic to the area. Jura is also sheltered somewhat from the worst winds by the presence of Islay in the south. The breezes here bring a more gentle sea-salt character to the finished whisky.

A previous distillery in Craighouse closed in 1910. The Jura people had to get their whisky from Islay for half a century. In 1962 Orwell's former landlord Robin Fletcher and Tony Riley-Smith, a fellow landowner founded a new plant. Their main client – Scottish and Newcastle Breweries – wanted lighter whiskies for blending. Thus the style of Isle of Jura whisky was set. The distillery is now owned by Whyte and Mackay.

In 2007, Whyte & Mackay was bought by Indian-based United Spirits Limited for £595 million (then, USD 1.2 billion). This is when the popularity of the brands, particularly Jura with its famous spooky tales, rose sharply in India. When Diageo undercut the portfolio, leading to mass resignations in 2013, sales did not suffer. Jura is still an easily accessible brand in the Indian market at affordable prices.

SOME PRODUCTS AND POPULARITY

PRODUCT

TYPE

POPULARITY

Isle of Jura Distillery 10 Year Old Single Malt Scotch Whisky, Isle of Jura, Scotland

Single Malt

4,466th

Isle of Jura Distillery Superstition Lightly Peated Single Malt Scotch Whisky

Single Malt

8,057th

Isle of Jura Distillery Diurach's Own 16 YO Single Malt Scotch Whisky

Single Malt

10,993rd

Isle of Jura Distillery 18 Year Old Single Malt Scotch Whisky

Single Malt

13,775th

Isle of Jura Distillery 21 Year Old Single Malt Scotch Whisky

Single Malt

17,804th

Now other changes, perhaps more fundamental in nature, are afoot. Jura’s entire line is being rebooted. Jura Origin went in April 2018 and Jura Superstition and Jura Prophecy will follow. They will be replaced by 3 new age statement releases (10,12 and 18 years old) and 2 non-age statement releases, Journey and Seven Wood.

THE ISLE OF JURA DISTILLERY 10 YO 

The Isle of Jura Distillery Origin 10 YO has been replaced by The Isle of Jura Distillery 10 YO. This was because the Origin 10 YO expression wasn’t doing too well with a strong earthy cumin-like character from nose to finish which was found off-putting. This change brings a more balanced and inviting character that was missing from the original version. Hopefully, this new approach and style will make its way through their lineup with more releases coming out that fit this profile and deliver an even stronger overall portfolio.  

The distillery notes say, “Jura 10 Year Old. A whisky only Jura could make, born of our Island and still produced today in a bottle originally shaped to withstand the roughest of journeys from our home. Crafted in unusually tall stills, matured in the fresh sea air and American white oak ex-bourbon barrels and finished in the finest aged Oloroso Sherry butts – it’s the perfect marriage of Highland and Island styles.”

JURA 10 YEARS DATA

Region: Islands, Scotland

Distiller: Jura

Mashbill: 100% Malted Barley

Cask: ex-Bourbon & ex-Sherry

Age: 10 Years

ABV: 40% 70°Proof

Colour: Amber

Nose: Smoked apricots; toffee, dehydrated apples, dried cherries, nutmeg and a bit of earthy malt and light floral nature.

Palate: Smoked apricots; toffee, nuts, spice, malty sweetness, apples, cinnamon, apples and a light bit of earthy malt, copper and bitter cocoa.

Finish: Medium. Dissipation of peat, cocoa and earthy malt.

ISLE OF JURA SUPERSTITION

Superstition is part of the core range, and is a mix of young heavily peated malt and older peat-free distillate, all matured in ex-Bourbon casks, rendering it subtly sweet yet smoky. This bland averment essentially encapsulates the flavour profile of Superstition, a mildly sweet Scotch with a touch of peat smoke and some notes of tropical and earthy spices – pleasant and mildly interesting but not extraordinary. A couple of drops of water is recommended.

While Jura gives plenty of island superstition to accompany this whisky – such as the local belief that good luck will come from holding this bottle so that the Ankh, the Egyptian cross-like symbol of life emblazoned on the front, is in the centre of the palm – practical information on the creation and make-up of this whisky is sparse. According to distillery sources, Superstition is crafted from about 13 per cent peated barley and the rest peat-free barley. It is a non-age statement bottling.

JURA SUPERSTITION DATA

Region: Islands, Scotland

Distiller: Jura

Mashbill: 100% Malted Barley

Cask: ex-Bourbon & ex-Sherry

Age: NAS

ABV: 43%; 75°Proof

Colour: Amber

Volume: 750 milliliter bottle (75 Cl)

Colour: Golden amber with a slightly reddish hue.

Nose: While peat surely makes its presence known in the nose, it is surprisingly subdued, largely taking a back seat to earthy but tropical aromas, starting with the smell of honey and oak and gradually growing to include notes of lemon, clove and sandalwood. There's also a faint but detectable alcohol nip, which could be from the younger juice that's most definitely in here. This is where the water helps a lot to tone this aspect down.

Palate: Hits the tongue with a smooth and sweet (if not viscous) drop of honey. After a couple moments, that begins to turn smoky and spicy. The smoke again is peaty but subtler than in the nose. While spicy notes of cloves, pepper and cinnamon take more dominance yet are still held in check by the honeyed flavour base, with a touch of citrus and wood notes. Swallowing leaves the spicy notes mingling with a touch of citrus in the back of the mouth- orange marmalade- and a sweet coating over the centre of the tongue. Even a hint of rum. 

Finish: Medium-length, a bit spicy with some butterscotch and a touch of oak.

Overall: Not mind-blowing but not a disaster either. There's a good and unique malt in here somewhere but it needs a better presentation and some better casks to really shine. 

ISLE OF JURA DISTILLERY DIURACH'S OWN 16 YO

Residents of the Isle of Jura are called “Diurachs,” and the 16-Year-Old scotch from the Isle of Jura distillery is billed as “The Diurachs’ Own,” the choice of the island. As such, it supposedly embodies the character of the islanders and the quirks of living there, such as the old legends, dramatic landscape and the sometimes harsh weather.

One of those old legends is that the old lord of the island banned independent distilling there. He held firm for almost 30 years, despite the irate response of Jura’s residents, until he was visited by the Dickensian ghost of an old lady, which scared him into lifting the ban. The 16-Year-Old figures into this story because the distillery keeps a bottle of the stuff lodged in the cave said to be the home of that spirits-loving spirit, just in case.

The oldest expression in the core Jura range, the 16YO has been discontinued and a revised range released last year is now bottled at 43%. This 16 official bottling spends 14 years in ex-bourbon casks and is then transferred for 2 years into Amaroso Oloroso sherry casks to finish.

ISLE OF JURA 16 YO DATA

Region: Islands, Scotland

Distiller: Jura

Mashbill: 100% Malted Barley

Cask: ex-Bourbon & ex-Sherry

Age: 16Years

ABV: 43%

Volume: 750 milliliter bottle (75 Cl)

Colour: Mid-gold

ISLE OF JURA 18 YO

Old Isle of Jura whisky needed a change, so they could get to more people and vindicate the capacity of their small island distillery to produce good whisky.  That change arrived with its new, revamped range: Signature Series. Jura 18 YO is one of the highlights of the range.

The whiskies involved in these 18 years old have followed two different paths - the regular unpeated spirit has matured in ex-bourbon casks before a period of finishing in Premier Grand Cru Bordeaux claret barrels from Bordeaux in France, while rarer peated spirit (which is only made at the distillery for one month each year) has been matured solely in ex-bourbon casks. The two pockets of stock have then been married together to produce the final whisky.

The result is a dram rich in smoky sweetness, with the classic oily peaty flavours of Jura. In the glass, Jura 18 is honeyed, with some reddish tones. The whisky is bottled at the slightly higher proof of 44% ABV, which enhances the body and mouthfeel of this dram.

ISLE OF JURA 18 YO DATA

Region: Islands, Scotland

Distiller: Jura

Mashbill: 100% Malted Barley

Cask: ex-Bourbon & Bordeaux Wine

Age: 18 Years

ABV: 44%

Volume: 750 milliliter bottle (75 Cl)

Colour: Deep gold with a hint of reddish amber

Nose: This single malt follows the style of the Signature Series range. It is quite light and herbaceous, with white grape notes. There are also sweet fragrances of milk chocolate and toasted coffee. With a splash of water, there are some slightly peated aromas and a cherry touch.

Palate: A more sherried side. This is a Scotch that starts with a sweet blow to slowly fade to bitter and spicier notes. Chocolate and charcoal notes blend with a touch of raisins and dry fruits. Some soft notes of candied lemon. vanilla, some fragrant heather, cream, cedarwood and berries. The slightly higher ABV adds a definitive punch, though one would have liked to see a 46% ABV non-chillfiltered expression.

Finish: Fairly lengthy, with chocolate notes and a light touch of smoke.

Jura wanted to update its brand to get to a new target, and it may be working for them. A fresh brand can get to new consumers and open their eyes to the whisky world. Jura 18 YO  should be the icing of the cake, but it doesn’t get to the ne plus ultra complexity level of the Jura Seven Wood, with its seven separate finishes. That said, Jura 18, rich, fruity and peaty is a superb bottling from Jura.

ISLE OF JURA 21 YO

The Isle of Jura distillery is currently owned by one of the largest holding companies in the Philippines. Jura 30-Year-Old won Best Islands Single Malt, as well as Best Islands Single Malt Over 21 Years, at the 2016 World Whiskies Awards. In 2010, Jura distillery released a 200 Year Anniversary special 21-Year-Old bottling that was finished in a Gonzalez Byass Oloroso Sherry cask from 1963. The precise age of the barrel held a special significance because it was the year that the Jura distillery was rebuilt. 

On the box of its Jura 21-Year-Old offering, the distillery claims that the whisky embraces “many characteristics” of the 200th-anniversary commemorative bottling. The ABV is the same (44%), and today’s packaging is also quite innovative, with a removable buckling top that pulls up to reveal a black multi-tiered stand for the whisky bottle to perch upon. A black and white picture of the distillery is visible through a window on the lid, adding a vintage look. The bottle itself has a feminine, curvy appearance, which even tapers in at the “waist.”

Although Jura offers a few peated options in its core line-up, which culminate in Prophecy–a non-chill filtered, heavily peated whisky–the Jura 21-year-old is a different sort of expression. It is “domesticated,” if you wish. It’s sweet, creamy and slightly oaky. It appeals 
thus to a wide range of preferences.

ISLE OF JURA 21 YO DATA

Region: Islands, Scotland

Distiller: Jura

Mashbill: 100% Malted Barley

Cask: ex-Bourbon 

Age: 21 Years

ABV: 44%

Volume: 700 milliliter bottle (70 Cl)

Colour: Deep rich mahogany.

Nose: Pleasantly light with wood notes, like fresh, fine-ground coffee. Malty but with an intriguing "edge": like molasses or dried figs. Breathing time brings a touch of orange peel.

Palate: Oak-woody hazelnut entrance. The woodiness crescendos into a syrupy impression of sour caramel. Honeyed notes creep in with Tokaji and port tones. The mouthfeel then thins as some brown sugar harmonises the prominent drier wood notes-- like the shells of nuts (walnut shell, almond shell). Good body with notes of winter cake, damson jam, marzipan and an uprising of cooked fruit with winter spice and fudge. These combined impressions then just fade evenly.

Finish: Medium-length with notes of chewy oak tannins, lingering if understated. The drier oak re-emerges into the finish, with cocoa or nutmeg.

The sensations of this Jura are unlike those of the others from their standard range. The Diurach's Own 16 is closest, but this 21 is drier-- with less honey and more wood. The flavour also has a few fruit notes and a more coffee-like character, worth recommending to lovers of dry and woody malts, because it hits the right notes for that theme. It doesn't present any lumberyard/sawdust, but more bark/nut/generally wood-derived notes. Coffee and nutshells.

 JURA RELEASES IN 2019

           

ISLE OF JURA SEVEN WOOD 70 Cl 40% ABV

Casks: American white oak ex-Bourbon barrels.

Colour: Deep copper

Nose: Apple pie filling with hints of cinnamon and hints of smoke. It is more of a sweet pulled pork scent than peat reek stings and may sting the nose a bit as if it was a much higher proof. A few cherry cough drops and mint chocolate.

Palate: An interesting rollercoaster of a whisky here. The taste is candy sweet at first blush, quickly turning lemon polish spicy before one gets to the slightly bitter end. Hints of the wine casks that this release has been paired with, but probably a brief affair with each of the non-bourbon casks. The body of this is a bit short and could do with a few more years in any or all of the casks mentioned above. The mouthfeel is semi-dry turning spicy and floral. Water pulls out some of the sweetness but the spiciness remains.

Finish: This is a little bitter/copper penny-ish in the end, which certainly takes away from the overall impression.

This is an interesting release. From the barrage of casks, it appears as Jura’s version of an expression from their stablemate distillery, Dalmore’s King Alexander III.

JURA 12 YO 40% ABV 70Cl

100% malted barley distilled on The Isle Of Jura. Matured in American white oak ex-bourbon barrels with an aged Oloroso sherry cask finish. 70° proof.

Colour: Clear, but with a rich depth of body. Copper to tawny hued with clearly defined rivulets on the side of the tasting glass.

Nose: Gentle smoke with medium intensity, followed by tropical fruit. Chocolate develops followed by coffee and banana.

Palate: The promises of the aroma are fulfilled with more developed tropical fruit and chocolate notes. The coffee characteristics balance out the slight sherry sweetness with a touch of bitterness. The smoke only presents itself faintly as the flavours disperse.

Finish: Smooth with spiced caramel that lingers for a few seconds.

On the whole, this is an inoffensive whisky that offers a little more complexity and bite than the 10-year-old, yet it simply has not been given a chance to show significant progression. As it is bottled at 40%, the cask influence is muted. As a result, everything feels a bit dull. Those who want something light and easy-going will prefer the 10-year-old, whilst there is not enough depth here to satisfy more journeyed whisky enthusiasts. In the end, one is paying more for a slightly older age statement, without finding a sufficient improvement in quality.

JURA JOURNEY 40% ABV 70° PROOF (80° US)70Cl

Jura Journey is the starting point of the new range, a NAS scotch produced, as all in the range, with a combination of peated and unpeated spirit that will give a slightly peated style. For Jura Journey, the whisky has been aged in American white oak ex-bourbon barrels. It has been bottled at 40% ABV, without chill-filtration and no added colour.

Colour: Pale yellow

Nose: Light and herbaceous. Some soft notes of white grape and pear with a slight citrus touch. There is a sweet side full of vanilla and shortbread, with small flashes of peat smoke.

Palate: Quite similar to the nose. Jura Journey is soft and creamy, though quite young and simple. The spirit herbaceous notes predominate, followed by sweet fruity notes. It is really fresh, with an almost imperceptible smoky touch.

Finish: Short and a bit dry.

Reinventing a brand should be a strong bet on a full product, a whisky that everyone at the Isle of Jura should be proud of. Alas, Jura Journey is not that whisky. While looking for new consumers, it seems that Jura has forgotten that what makes a whisky special is the richness of its nuances. Jura Journey is a simple and plain whisky, which is hard to go deeper. For the same price, you should find a handful of Scotch whisky brands that will surely give you way more.

 JURA RELEASES CASK EDITIONS 2020-21

         

JURA RED WINE CASK FINISH

Jura Single Malt presented a new red wine finish from the tiny island community distillery and the first in a new series called Cask Editions. These are not Cask-strength expressions; they stick to the standard 40% ABV format, bar the odd exceptions in other ranges.

Each whisky in this new series will celebrate the role of different cask finishes in the maturation of its whiskies. The Cask Edition series celebrates the connection between the land and the spirit bringing distinct regional and seasonal flavours to the island malt.

This red wine finished malt lifts Jura to a new level with beautifully balanced layers of richer fruit notes yet true to the heart of the distillery character with its fresher fruit, honeyed and citrussy characteristics.

Jura's Red Wine Cask Finish is a fruity, full-bodied single malt designed to be shared with friends and loved ones. As a gift to celebrate special occasions or as an after-dinner treat. It presents drinkers with an opportunity to discover something different beyond the charming, silky flavours of the Jura whisky. The single malt has been matured in American White Oak ex-Bourbon barrels and finished in hand-selected European red wine casks, which marries the island malt with the distinctive regional flavours of the casks. The result is an individual whisky that's delicate and refined. One which balances rich, strawberry and raspberry flavours with a final flourish of creamy vanilla and cinnamon spice. It's enticing in its aroma, fragrant of succulent sultanas, creamy caramel and black forest fruits, followed by a hint of heather honey.

Jura Red Wine Cask Single Malt Whisky is available as a 1-litre bottle.

JURA WINTER EDITION SHERRY CASK-FINISHED WHISKY

Scotch producer Jura has released a Sherry cask-finished whisky as the second expression in its Cask Editions series.

The launch of Jura Winter Edition follows the release of Jura Red Wine Cask earlier this year, the first expression in the Cask Editions range. Each whisky in the new series celebrates the role of different cask finishes during the maturation process. The Cask Editions series aims to showcase the “connection between the land and the spirit”, bringing regional and seasonal flavours to the whisky.

The Winter Edition (40% ABV) is initially matured in American white oak ex-Bourbon barrels and finished in hand-selected aged Spanish Sherry casks. The Winter Edition has been created as the perfect festive season toaster, with a harmonious marriage of sweet spices and freshly baked apple pie, which results in an indulgent whisky while staying true to the heart of the distillery character with its maple and citrussy characteristics.

Described as a “rich and warm full-bodied” whisky, the expression has notes of sweetness from sticky maple syrup, spicy mulled wine and freshly brewed coffee. The finish offers whipped vanilla and cinnamon spice. Jura Winter Edition is available in both one-litre and 700ml formats. The one-litre bottle is available exclusively in select stores across the UK.

JURA RUM CASK FINISH

Jura distillery added Jura Rum Cask Finish to its portfolio in 2021. This single malt is said to be fruity, exotic, and creamy and brings in the lively taste of the tropics to its range of whiskies, according to the distillery.

The spirit is first matured in American white oak, and ex-bourbon barrels before finishing its maturation process in hand-selected Caribbean rum casks to create what’s seen as a smooth, creamy and fruity finish.

Official tasting notes indicate the rum cask influence gives this single malt a warm and welcoming aroma of exotic guava and coconut, sugar-coated almonds, apricots and some citrus. The smooth taste has rich and creamy hints of sweet vanilla with fudge coming through, balanced with layers of fruit sweetness from mango, banana and guava.

JURA AT FEIS ILE

 JURA RELEASES CASK EDITIONS 2020-21

Jura Distillery Cask Fèis Ìle 2022 Edition

Jura is celebrating the return of Fèis ÃŒle, also known as The Islay Festival, with Jura Distillery Exclusive Fèis ÃŒle Edition 2022. Though it is in the Islands region, its proximity to Islay has convinced the Islay Council to accept Jura expressions at their annual fest. A testament to the passion and commitment of their distillery team, each bottle of Jura distillery Fèis ÃŒle 2022 Edition is hand-filled, wax sealed and labelled on the island at cask strength.  

Jura Distillery Exclusive Fèis Ìle Edition 2022 is a limited edition 2007 vintage single malt Scotch whisky matured in Cask No. 1892, a hand-selected Sherry butt from Jerez in Southern Spain, for 14 years.

Bottled at 57.2% ABV, Jura Distillery Exclusive Fèis ÃŒle Edition 2022 is described as having aromas of “cocoa dusting, warming sweet spice, prunes soaked in Armagnac, crystal malt, dried peach, green banana, and bitter orange,” with notes of “dried stone fruit, sweet citrus, chocolate mint, medium roasted coffee, and pistachio” on the palate, finishing with “a citrus blossom lift.”

The distillery team had earmarked this cask as a potential island exclusive and it was easy to see why. The fruity, aromatic qualities found around the 2007 vintage, combined with the rich, warming notes from its time in a single Sherry butt make for a compelling expression of Jura’s distinct character. Jura realised it would be the ideal candidate for 2022’s Fèis ÃŒle Distillery Cask, celebrating the return of this great festival.

Jura Distillery Exclusive Fèis ÃŒle Edition 2022 was limited to 700 bottles and was available at the Jura distillery visitor centre and via the Jura website at a suggested retail price of £120 for a 70 cL bottle. A bit steep, but that's your choice. If you find one, that is.


Saturday 27 August 2022

HOW CASKS AFFECT MATURING WHISKY

 CASKS CAN MAKE OR BREAK AN EXPRESSION


What gives whisky its unique taste, colour, mouthfeel and aroma? The barrel — more specifically, the inside of the barrel. You can get all the steps right from the very beginning — the best grain, a pristine water source, a flawless distillation sequence — but it’s the maturation process that gives the spirit its character. And the barrel’s interior plays a big part in that. This article comes up again in a later post.

In Scotland, the spirit must mature in casks for a minimum of three years to be legally called whisky. In this time frame, the spirit is influenced by the cask it’s been matured in, which is why it is important to understand how these casks contribute. Obviously, the longer the time spent in the cask, the more the influence and hopefully, the better the quality and final taste of the whisky. The type of wood used, age, size and the previous liquid in the cask all matter. Different types of wood add different elements to the contents. The innate qualities of the new make are given the required finesse and final colour and taste by the cask.

Given the advancement in technology, it is possible to identify the different flavours using physicochemical methods. Even the smallest of variations can account for big differences in taste. That's how receptive our senses can be. Researchers measure the various substances like esters, tannins, furfural, congeners, lactones, etc., in ppm (parts per million) and are now reaching out to ppb (parts per billion) in a nanometric world.

THE WOOD

A wooden cask is a small masterpiece of craftsmanship. Although machines are increasingly used by coopers today, actual manufacturing is still done by hand. The planks for the staves aren't simply cut at right angles from a log, like construction timber. The grain direction of the wood must be taken into account so none of the radial vessels of the wood penetrates the side of the cask. Not only does wood contain annual rings but also vessels that lead from the core to the bark radially. The tree transports water and nutrients through these vessels. However, these vessels are inconvenient for whisky since they would make the staves leaky and allow excessive evaporation. Therefore the wood has to be cut in special patterns (star cut, mirror cut or rift cut) so the annual rings stand vertically. This is why far less usable wood can be cut from one log; a cask stave is thus much more expensive than a normal plank.

Yet another aspect has to be factored in- how the new make reacts with the staves of wood. Alcohol is insidious-it attacks from within, albeit at some micrometres per day. As it reaches into the wood, it meets both intractable and amenable wood. The alcohol slowly absorbs minute quantities of specific substances it can dissolve and integrates them with the new make. The more the reaction, the more the absorption. That said, the longer the stay in the barrel, the greater the evaporation as the Angel's share.

TIMBER AND STAR CUTS

These planks are then made into staves with trapezoidal vanes (according to the roundness of the planned cask). The newly made staves must then be dried until they reach a level of less than 10% residual moisture. This may be left to nature and solar heat or done quickly in modern drying chambers without affecting the quality of the cask.

If the casks were made from this wood, you would get a tight container, but the whisky cannot mature. From a maturation standpoint, the wood is still dead. Specific thermal treatment breathes life into the wood, as will be explained in depth later. The wood can be bent into the typical cask shape only with heat. The wood is heated up to 200°C in a big oven for approximately 30 minutes, and the firm wood structure is broken up. The cask begins to live in terms of maturation. Once the staves have been bent into shape, the cooper completes his job of assembling that cask.

                                      

A cut through a treated stave will reveal a red ring in the wood beside a charcoal layer of several millimetres depth, the so-called 'red layer'. This layer separates the 'activated' from the 'natural' wood. It is up to this layer that the heat has penetrated the wood and activated it for flavour extraction.

Only oak wood is suitable for cask production. Soft wood contains resin, which prevents the cask from breathing. Other types of wood have congeners that emit unpleasant flavours, making the whisky unpalatable. Oak wood from trunks with an age of 70 to 200 years is ideal. There are two fundamentally different species of oak: American white oak (Quercus alba) and the various European oak species (Quercus general). American white oak grows faster and has a mellower, softer and sweeter taste with notes of vanilla and caramel. In contrast, European oak is spicier with full, intense aromas and more tannins and has a stronger wood input that is prominent on the nose.

European oak grows in northern Spain and Portugal. French oak is used to age wine and cognac. An American oak tree can be cut down at 70-100 years, while the slower-growing European oak must grow for at least 150-200 years. Five major factors influence the Whisky in the cask: 

  • Type of predecessor liquid
  • Size of the cask
  • Type of wood
  • Level of charring
  • Reuse of the casks (First Fill vs Refill)

TYPE OF PREDECESSOR LIQUID

Predecessor

Prior Spirit

Alteration of Taste

Colour Alteration 

Bourbon

Whiskey

vanilla, sweetness, caramel, creamy

golden

Burgundy

Wine

very fruity, slightly sweet, slightly dry

dark red

Madeira

Fortified Wine

spiciness, light fruitiness, sweetness, dryness

dark, amber

Port (sweet)

Fortified Wine

sweet, dried fruit, spiciness

red

Port (semi-dry)

Fortified Wine

lightly sweet, dried fruit, spiciness

red

Port (dry)

Fortified Wine

dry, dried fruit, spiciness

red

Oloroso

Sherry

deep, dark, nutty, dark ripe fruits

red, amber

Pedro Ximenez

Sherry

very sweet, dark fruits, raisins, syrup

amber

Fino

Sherry

light fruits, sweetness, dryness, light wood

bright

Manzanilla

Sherry

salty, dryness, sea flavours, fresh, some fruit

bright

Amontillado

Sherry

sweetness, nutty, dry, fresh, acid

amber

Palo Cortado

Sherry

rich, sweet, dry, sweet spices, fruits

brown

Sauternes

Wine

sweetness, zest, acidity, light fruits

bright to amber

Bordeaux (red)

Wine

strong red fruits, grapes (wine), berries

red

Tokaji

Wine

light fresh fruits (citrus, mango), very sweet,

bright to amber

Ruby Port

Fortified Wine

very fruity, dark fruits, berries

red

Barolo

Wine

fruits, tannins (bitter), dry fruits, heavy aromas

red

Chardonnay

Wine

lean, crisp, acidic, tropical fruits

bright

Muscat

Wine

floral , sweet, citrus, peach

bright/red

Muscat

Fortified Wine

very sweet, dark fruits, raisins, syrup

amber

Rum (white)

Spirit

sweet, molasses, vanilla, tropical fruit, almond

bright

Rum (dark)

Spirit

sweet, syrup, dark fruits, oak, caramel, vanilla

amber

Amarone

Wine

tannins (bitter), dry, raisins, ripe fruits

red

Marsala

Fortified Wine

sweet, complex, spices

dark red

Virgin Oak

-

vanilla, cloves, caramel

dark brown


SIZE OF THE CASKS

The sizes of casks are awkward to define because there is no ISO standard regulating the volume of a standard cask. In the interim, a cask type taken as the baseline is the American Standard Barrel (ASB), which holds approximately 200 litres. ASBs are also the 'raw material' for the production of Scottish hogsheads, which hold approximately 250 litres. If you disassemble an ASB and use slightly bigger rings (hoops) for reassembly, you can produce casks with a bigger diameter from the same staves. Out of four to five ASBs, you can make three hogsheads. Since the trapezoidal shape of these staves is designed to contain 200 litres, you can’t make casks with even bigger diameters from them. The casks would eventually become leaky at the rifts.

There is another problem with the volume of the casks as the cask sizes are also a unit of measurement. Take the Butt for example. The normal butts come in sizes of 500 litres (132 US gallons). But there is also a measurement unit called a butt, which is 1/2 a tun and is 122 US gallons (477 litres).

Besides the type of wood and the thermal treatment, viz., the size of the cask influences the maturation process. Whisky matures faster in small casks since more of the content is in contact with the wood, as compared to large barrels. The exchange of substance between wood and whisky takes place faster.

In Spain and Portugal, European oak is made into casks holding 500 to 600 litres, which are ideal for the maturation of Sherry and Port. The Scots call these casks 'butts' or 'Sherry butts' and 'Port pipes'. Today more and more butts are made from American oak for financial reasons.

The following table shows the actual sizes the most barrels come in, not the sizes of the measurement units.

Name

Litres

US Gallon

Imperial Gallon

American Standard Barrel /Bourbon Barrel

200

53

44

Butt

500

132

109

Quarter Cask

125

33

27

Standard Hogshead

238

63

52

Puncheon

320

85

70

Madeira Drum

650

172

143

Port Pipe (tall)

500

132

109

Sherry Hogshead

245

65

54

Cognac type

300

79

66

Bordeaux type

225

59

49

Barrique cask

225

59

49

Bloodtub

50

13

11


Cask Sizes Displayed at Edradour Distillery


Casks are also grouped by volume. The Scotch Whisky Association has ruled that no wooden cask in excess of 700 litres may be used. The breakdown is listed below:

Size of Casks

Type of Casks

Big

> 400 Litres (>132 US gallons)

Butt, Port Pipe, Puncheon, Madeira Drum

Medium

200 - 400 Litres (53 - 106 US. Gallons)

ASB, Bourbon barrel, any Hogshead, Barrique cask, Cognac cask, Bordeaux cask

Small

<200 Liters (53 US. Gallons)

Quarter cask, Bloodtub


TYPE OF WOOD

Type of Wood

Effect on Taste

American white oak (Quercus alba)

mellow, soft, vanilla, caramel

European oak (Quercus robur and petraea)

spicy, bitter, strong on the wood

Mizunara Oak (Quercus crispula)

sandalwood, coconut, oriental spices

Maple (Acer)

sweet, maple syrup


There are major differences between the two primary types of oak. American white oak grows in the east of the United States of America and a few parts of Canada. The tree grows rather fast for an oak tree and is therefore a bit less expensive than the European counterpart. Its wood is very dense (770 kg/m³) and contains a lot of monogalloyl glucose. This is later evinced as the typical Bourbon vanilla taste.

European oak grows all over the European continent far into Russia and Turkey. It grows slower than its American counterpart and is less dense (720kg/m³). It contains Gallic acid which is considered a pseudo-tannin. This acid in combination with water gives the whisky a slightly bitter note. The European oak has also a lot of other components that also add to the spiciness of the whisky.

Mizunara oak is very common in the forests of northeast Asia, where it is used primarily for high-quality furniture. Due to its high density and thin fibres, the staves must be cut along the fibres, which never grow perfectly straight. The Oak also lacks waterproofing oil enzymes, so much more whisky evaporates during ageing than when stored in American or European oak. Despite these characteristics, which make it much more difficult to use for whisky barrels, Mizunara oak gained popularity for whisky ageing in the early 20th century, because of the special aromas it gives off to whisky, reminiscent of sandalwood, coconut and oriental spices, for example.

Maple grows in many parts of the world, including Eurasia, North Africa and Central & North America. With its relatively low density of 653 kg/m3, it is used primarily in the production of Tennessee Whiskey and is not used elsewhere.

CHARRING AND TOASTING

The barrel itself must be prepared beforehand. This is done by burning the insides. While this process may relatively straightforward, there are distinct two types of burning procedures that whisky makers use when crafting their barrels: toasting, and charring.

Heat causes hemicellulose within the wood to break down into natural sugars, resulting in toasty caramel notes, colour and aromas, while oak lactones add woody, coconut-like notes.

When exposed to heat, tannins become less astringent while oak lignin (a fibre within the wood) breaks down into flavour molecules like eugenol (spiced/cloves) and, more famously, vanillin (vanilla).

Charred Barrel

When comparing the two methods, the fundamental variable is the degree to which the wood is burned. Charred barrels, for example, are heavily burned and resemble the remains of a campfire after it has been extinguished. The interior of charred barrels is black and has much more ash residue, resulting in a much darker colour for the whisky. As far as flavour goes, charred wood imparts sweeter flavours like caramel and honey. The reason for this is that the wood sugars are caramelised when heavily burned, and thus they leach into the whisky.

Moreover, the carbon in the ash acts as a filter for the harsher elements of the liquor. Ageing whiskey (like bourbon) in charred barrels results in a smoother, mellower flavour.

At times, a barrel is given a number reflecting the degree it has been charred to on a scale of 1-4, i.e., a new American white oak barrel with a #4 char. This “barrel char level,” as it is called, basically means the higher the number, the deeper the burning char into the wood. There’s a lot of science around this; in essence, the darker the char, the more different the flavour profile and the more colourful the whisky will likely be.

Toasted Barrel

Unlike their charred brethren, toasted barrels are heated much more gently, resulting in a dark brown toast rather than a blackened char. Toasted barrels add a bit more vanilla flavour to the liquor, as well as spicy accents. Because the wood hasn’t been heavily burned, the sugars haven’t had time to caramelise, making the whisky a bit sharper on the tongue. Toasted barrels also do not impart much colour to the spirit, resulting in a lighter shade.

Toasting is a slower process. It involves gently heating the barrel’s interior over an open flame so that the heat can penetrate deep into the wood, which mellows and takes on a dark brown colour.

REUSE OF THE CASK (FIRST FILL vs REFILL)

Oak casks are very durable and can contain Whisky for many decades. However, over the years the aroma that the Whisky can absorb from the wood decreases. The cask is leached out. Whisky that is stored in new casks, therefore, absorbs the most aromas.

In the first (1st) fill casks, the term ‘1st fill’ doesn't mean the original filling of the cask with Bourbon, Sherry or Port, but the first Scotch Malt Whisky that's filled into a cask. No work is done on that cask either. This way, the 1st fill extracts the strongest flavours from the wood.

Bourbon is mandatorily matured in fresh casks and is aromatic enough to be bottled after only two years, leaving a still well-endowed cask. Scotch Whisky is matured in used casks, which have already been used, e.g., Bourbon or Sherry. The cask has already released a large part of the aromas. Therefore the Scottish Malts only become really good after longer maturation. However, this also gives the Whisky more time to reduce the alcoholic spiciness. Nowadays, this historically developed system is an essential distinguishing feature between the Whisky types.

Casks are an expensive commodity. Therefore it is common in the whisky industry to mature whisky in casks more than once. A cask still contains a lot of aromas after ten years of Malt Whisky maturation and is therefore reused for the next Malt. In the industry, they are called 'refill casks'. Refill casks are reused for up to about 30 years.

It is natural that the influence of the cask on the taste weakens progressively. It is no surprise if a whisky from a refill cask has absorbed very little flavour - and also colour. On the labels of some bottlers, you sometimes find indications like 'Refill' or 'First Fill', which reflects the degree of use of the casks. This gives you as a customer an indication of the approximate intensity of the cask aroma. However, it is also common to add colour to whisky with tasteless caramel. In this case, the influence of the cask is hidden.

It is more and more common to refurbish casks, as this is cheaper than buying new ones. This brings out the oak aroma again. Sherry, Port or Wine aromas cannot be reproduced in this manner. These 'rejuvenated' casks make whisky very spicy within a short time. They are most often used to produce NAS whiskies or single malts for blending. 

Data, videos and images courtesy whisky.com